Tuesday, August 27, 2013

Robert Breckinridge Clark

Robert Breckinridge Clark

Who was he and where does he fit into the Clark family history?

Stuart Benson Clark>Robert Stuart Clark>Robert Breckinridge Clark and Sarah Jane Gaither his wife.

Robert Breckinridge Clark was one of six children of Matthew Clark and Temperance Glenn*. He was born on April 2, 1824 in Baltimore, Maryland.  He married Sarah Jane Gaither in 1858. "Jane" as she was called, was from Frederick, Maryland and was born on May 23, 1830 to Stewart Gaither and Margaret de la Plaux Schell. Her family has a royal connection, as her paternal grandmother was Elizabeth Stewart#...yes, as in the Royal House of Stewart. 

There were previously no known photographs of Robert Breckinridge Clark, but in my diligent search I unearthed a photograph on Google books from the 1847 class of the College of New Jersey, as it was then known...now Princeton University.  


*More on Matthew, Temperance, and their other children in another post...

#More on the Gaither/Stewart family in another post

Class of 1847: The Centennial Class, College of New Jersey, Princeton, N.J.
 By Princeton University, Class of 1847  

Robert Breckinridge Clark at age 74
Clark, Robert Breckinridge. Born April 2, 1824, in Baltimore, Maryland. Entered Sophomore. Studied law. Practiced for a year or two, then removed to St. Louis, Missouri, and followed merchandising. Made a respectable fortune and lost it. Then accepted the position of superintendent of the office of Recorder of Deeds, in St. Louis. In charge for sixteen years and on account of age, withdrew about 1900. Married, in 1858, Miss Gaither, of Frederick, Maryland. In 1896 had living, three children—two sons, Robert and Stuart, and one daughter, Mrs. Harvey G. Mudd. After leaving the Recorder's office, passed the spring and summer of each year with son and daughter in St. Louis, and the fall and winter with his other son, residing in Meridian, Mississippi. While with the latter, died suddenly of apoplexy, October 18, 1905, in his eighty-second year. Was buried on the following Saturday, at Frederick, Maryland, by the side of his mother.


In the 1850 census below we see Robert is living with his father Matthew (and possibly his uncle or his father's cousin Stephen...still researching this guy) and brothers: Matthew B. and James. James and Matthew owned a business together, they were flour merchants.  Robert is out of college and practicing law, still single and 24 years old.  Notice the last line, a Mary Brooks who is a 15 year old is living with them...the "M" stands for Mulatto.  Hmmmm, I wonder who she was and whose illegitimate child she may have been?



1850 US Census, Baltimore, Maryland

In the 1870 census below, Robert is married to (Sarah) Jane Gaither and they are living in St. Louis, Missouri. He stopped practicing law and became a lumber merchant. Together he and Jane had three children: Robert Stuart, Stuart Gaither, and Margaret de la Plaux Clark.  They also had several domestic servants from Ireland living with them.


1870 US Census, St. Louis, Missouri
Here in the 1880 census he is still a lumber merchant in St. Louis, Missouri. His son Robert Stuart is working as a clerk in a store.

1880 US Census, St. Louis, Missouri

1900 US Census, Frederick, Maryland
In the 1900 Frederick, Maryland Census we see Robert and Jane living as boarders in Sophia Schley's home.  Sophia was Jane's sister and was a widow in 1900, she was married to a politician and was rather wealthy...her occupation is described here as a "Capitalist".  The fact that Robert made and lost a substantial fortune could explain why they left their home in Missouri and went to go live with Sophia.  It could also explain why in this census, Robert has no occupation. Or it could just be that he retired and they traveled to visit relatives in Maryland. Jane died in this year and Robert followed her 5 years later suddenly of "apoplexy" which was the term usually used for a stroke. He was buried in Frederick, Maryland next to his mother, Temperance Glenn.

Tuesday, July 16, 2013

More on the Woman Behind the Benson name...

Harriet Smith Benson, the kindly spinster who spawned a three four generation naming dynasty was more than just a nice woman, she was one of the richest women in Philadelphia and when she died, gave most of it away...

The New York Times, September 10, 1902

HALF A MILLION FOR CHARITY

The Will of Miss Harriet S. Benson of Philadelphia 
Disposes of More Than 2,000,000 Estate

PHILADELPHIA, PA, Sept. 10th - The will of Miss Harriet A. Benson, who in life was prominent as a philanthropist, was admitted to probate today .  The testament, to which are attached ten codicils, disposes of an estate estimated to be worth upward of $2,000,000.  The testatrix made charitable bequests amounting to a half-million dollars.  Among the more prominent institutions remembered are the following:

The American Sunday School Union:  $25,000
The Women's Union Foreign Missionary Society and the China Island Mission:  $50,000 each
Seaside Home for Invalid Women, Atlantic City, New Jersey; Seamen's Friends Society, Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind; Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, Pennsylvania Asylum for Indigent Widows and Single Women; Pennsylvania Industrial Home for Blind Women; Pennsylvania Working Home for Blind Men; Home Missionary Society; Pennsylvania Training School for Feeble Minded Children; Children's Seashore Home, Atlantic City; Hampton, Virginia Normal School and Agricultural Institute; American Colonization Society; Pennsylvania Society to Protect Children from Cruelty; and Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, $5,000 each.

The sum of $10,000 is devised to Charles M. Morton to be expended by him in aiding certain charities not mentioned in the will.

The codicile bequeath $10,000 to the Evangelistic Mission in France known as the McAll Mission.  $5,000 to the director of the various institutions in East London and elsewhere known as "Dr. Bernardo's home and missions."  $5,000 to the Indian School at Carlisle, PA; $25,000 the income to be paid the Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Episcopal Church; $25,000 the income to be used by the American Board of Commissioners For Foreign Missions for mission work in Africa; and $2,000 to the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial School.

Numerous other bequests are made to local charitable institutions.

 Boston Evening Transcript September 5, 1902 Obituary:

Miss Harriet S. Benson, one of Philadelphia's richest women, a descendant of a Revolutionary officer of distinction, died Wednesday, aged seventy-five.  Her wealth was estimated at from $4,000,000 to $5,000,000, a large part of the income from which she annually spent in charity.


The Reformed Episcopal Seminary continues a tradition that began in 1887, when it was founded as The Theological Seminary of the Reformed Episcopal Church.

The Reformed Episcopal Church was established in 1873 by evangelical Episcopalians in response to developments in the Protestant Episcopal Church of that day. By 1877, the necessity of providing formal theological education for future Reformed Episcopal clergy led to a number of experiments in providing ministry training.

On March 6,1886 Harriet S. Benson, a Philadelphia Reformed Episcopalian, proposed to create a trust to build and administer a denominational seminary and a massive new church in West Philadelphia. Miss Benson's trust was unanimously received by the General Council of the Reformed Episcopal Church. The cornerstone of the Seminary building was laid in October 1886, and the Seminary was opened for its first classes in September 1887.

The Hahneman Monthly Volume 39

One of the most difficult of the problems which to-day confronts the management of un-endowed medical schools is that of securing sufficient income for maintaining an educational equipment such as is demanded by the modern methods of medical instruction...
...We are sadly in need of funds, more especially for the establishment of a new or enlarged dispensary building and pathological laboratories and for an endowment, the interest of which shall enable us to increase the salaries, and the number of salaried instructors particularly in the laboratory departments.
In this connection I am glad to inform you that in the past year the college department has received its first contribution toward such a fund, in a legacy of $5000 from the estate of Harriet Smith Benson of this city, and we trust this may stimulate other generous friends of our institution to similar gifts.

The Journal of Prison Discipline and Philanthropy, Volume 42

POLICE MATRONS
"The Associated Committee of Women on Police Matrons" meets monthly, with three representatives each from a number of the charitable associations in this city. Dr. Emily J. Ingram, Mary S. Whelen, and Mrs. P. W. Lawrence represent the Prison Society. I regret that I am not able to give a summary of the number coming under the care of the Matrons, of whom there are now 21 in the city. They are doing most excellent work in caring for lost children, women losing their way, demented ones, etc.
It is a very rare circumstance for The Pennsylvania Prison Society to receive a legacy, as in the whole 116 years of its existence the whole of its bequests would not amount to as much as many an association would receive in a moderate one. Therefore, it is with much satisfaction that I record that by the will of the late Harriet S. Benson, of Philadelphia, she bequeathed $10,000 (only $5,000 of which is for the benefit of the Prison Society, the other $5,000 being left to us for the benefit of the Home for Discharged Prisoners). A memorial to her memory will follow, as well as one to a late member of the Acting Committee.
Feeling that this work is of the Lord and that He has called me to the service, I desire to consecrate my time and my talents to it, and knowing that of myself I can do nothing, I earnestly invoke the Divine blessing upon my labors, and that He who has called me to it may receive all the glory and honor which is His due. Thankful for continued health and strength, which has been vouchsafed to me, and asking for a continuance of the same, this report is respectfully submitted.

John J. Lytle, General Secretary
IN MEMORIUM
HARRIET S. BENSON
Whereas, Miss Harriet S. Benson departed this life on the 3rd day of September, Anno Domini 1902, a devoted Christian woman, with a heart full of love, and a life of good works, while the possessor of great wealth, also possessed of that most excellent gift of charity, actively and personally engaged in the service of her Lord and Saviour for many long years. 
And Whereas, in her last will and testament she gave and bequeathed to The Pennsylvania Prison Society the gift of $10,000 ($5,000 of which was for the use of the Home for Discharged Prisoners), thus giving us substantial strength and encouragement in our work.
Therefore, Resolved, in order to give some palpable token of gratitude, and to keep alive in the minds of future members of this society this great act of Christian benevolence that a copy of this minute be engrossed, framed, and hung upon the walls of the society's room, signed by one of the executors, our worthy President, and the Secretary and Treasurer of the Society.
And also Resolved, That a copy hereof be sent to Edward M. Benson, Miss Benson's only surviving brother, and to her cousin, R. Dale Benson.

Other Organizations that benefited from Harriet's charitable giving:

The Fairmount Park Association
The Philadelphia Children's Homeopathic Hospital
Overbrook School for the Blind
The African Repository
St. Andrew's Church, Philadelphia
The Reindeer Fund




Thursday, June 13, 2013

The Glendinning Family

Who were the Glendinnings? Where do they fit into the the Clark family history?   

Kelso Abbey, 18th c. , Kelso, Roxburghshire, Scotland

Stuart Benson Clark married Elisabeth McMichael 
Her parents were:  Clayton Fotterall McMichael and Elizabeth Butcher Glendinning
Her parents were:  Robert Glendinning and Ellen Elizabeth Butcher
His parents were:   Robert Glendinning and Elizabeth Kennedy

Robert Glendinning was from Kelso, Roxburghshire, Scotland, his wife was from Leith, Scotland. They were married on November 5, 1833/4 in Kingston, Ontario, Canada and came to America in 1832.  Here is their story pieced together from obituaries, newspapers, census records and books.

Robert Glendinning (b. 1805/d. 1878) married Elizabeth Kennedy (b. 1813/d.1897)
Their children were:

Robert Glendinning (b. 1838/d.1893)
Walter S. Glendinning (b. 1845/d. 1885)
Elizabeth Glendinning (b. 1947/d. ?)
William Glendinning (b. 1848/d. 1881)
Charles S. Glendinning
James Glendinning
unknown male child
unknown male child

Robert Glendinning (b. 1838/d. 1893) married Ellen Elizabeth Butcher (b. 1845/d.1903)
Their children were:

Annie Elizabeth Glendinning (b. 1865/d. 1866)
Robert Edward Glendinning (b. 1867/ d. 1937) married Elizabeth Rodman Fisher Carpenter
children:  Elizabeth Carpenter; Mary Fisher; Ellen; Robert
Elizabeth Butcher Glendinning (b. 1869/d. 1899) married Clayton Fotterall McMichael
children:  Clayton Fotterall; Elisabeth
Henry Percival Glendinning (b. 1874/d. 1903) married Louise T. Young
children:  Henry Percival 

Obituaries
Member 1837, Secretary 1839-43
ROBERT GLENDINNING, SR., Born May 13, 1805, in Kelso, Scotland. Died in Philadelphia, March 4, 1878.
He was educated at and graduated from the University of Edinburgh, and came to this country in 1832, and was engaged in mercantile pursuits for about twenty years. He was identified with building associations, and also the Mantua Saving Fund, which later developed into the Third National Bank, Philadelphia, of which he became cashier, remaining with that bank from the date of its opening until he retired, in 1876, on account of ill health.

In 1834 he married Elizabeth Kennedy, a native of Scotland, and they had seven sons and one daughter.


Mr. Glendinning was greatly interested in religious work, being a rigid Scotch Presbyterian, and was one of the founders of the First Presbyterian Church, Mantua, West Philadelphia, serving as elder there until his death. This church is now known as the Northminster Presbyterian Church, Thirty-fifth and Baring Streets. 
Of  Robert Glendinning, Sr., The Philadelphia Press, for March 5, 1878, said:
3405 Baring Street, Philadelphia, PA
where the family lived
“Robert Glendinning, a well known Philadelphian, died suddenly of heart disease yesterday morning at his residence, No. 3405 Baring Street, in the seventy-second year of his age.  Mr. Glendinning was born in Kelso, Scotland, whence he emigrated to this country, and engaged in mercantile pursuits.  In a few years he acquired a competency sufficient to allow him to retire from active business life and enable him to live on his income.  When the project of starting the Third National Bank was begun, he took an active part in the movement, becoming one of its founders, and was subsequently elected cashier, which position he filled with signal ability till about two years ago, when he resigned.  He was an active member of the West Philadelphia Presbyterian Church and was also one of its deacons.  The deceased was the father of “Robert Glendinning, Jr., of the well-known firm of Glendinning, Davis & Co., Brokers.”
Of his wife, Elizabeth Kennedy Glendinning, the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, for Friday, September 20, 1872 said:
“Mrs. Elizabeth Glendinning - Many have penned eulogical lines, cited the graces and virtues of fond mothers now departed, and we would fain drop a tear of tender sympathy for those left to mourn their loss.  But our all-absorbing theme at this time is of one whose noble womanly bearing is not often met with.


Passing to her longed-for rest on the morning of the 16th instant, trusting in the merits of her great Redeemer, she leaves behind her the testimony of her being a devoted wife, a faithful mother, a true friend.  But she was like a diamond, left to shed its rays of light only in a casket of jewels, laid aside from public gaze. So with her; the brilliancy of her nature, her noble hearing, her uncommon taste for superior literature, her energy, her earnestness of heart, were scarcely known, excepting to the little circle of her own family among whom she was indeed the center of all they could imagine of worth in a Christian mother.

Prevented by illness from mingling much in society of late years, few really knew her superiority.  Now, however, that she has passed away from our midst it is fitting to recognize the dignity of her character and the brightness of her mind.  Would that we were able to imitate the virtues of her to whose memory we now pay the humble tribute of affection.”
Robert and Elizabeth Glendinning had two (this is not accurate, I am quoting) sons, Robert, born in 1838; and William, ten years younger; the latter moved to Illinois, and died there, October 14, 1881.  

The Philadelphia Press, for Tuesday, October 18, 1881, had the following short account of him:
“Death of William Glendinning: -William Glendinning, formerly of this city died at Evanston, Illinois on Friday last, at the age of thirty-two years.  He was the son of the late Robert Glendinning, for many years the Cashier of the Third National Bank, and the brother of Robert Glendinning, the well-known banker of this city.  Some years ago he removed to the west, and by his industry and ability succeeded in establishing a business which extended over that large section.”  
The Evanston Index, in referring to his death says: 
"William Glendinning was one who made friends wherever he went.  Kind and genial in his daily intercourse, he attracted the regard of all.  True and warm in his friendship, he bound to himself by the strongest ties those who knew him intimately.  But in the home circle his life was so pure, so full of self sacrifice, that his loss will be felt more and more as years go on.  A Christian gentleman, one who was ever true to the dictates of conscience and never ashamed of the Gospel of Christ, the influence of his life will be felt throughout the wide circle of his acquaintance.”
Colonial Families of Philadelphia


Robert Glendinning & Co.
ROBERT GLENDINNING, JR., born in Philadelphia, August 10, 1838, died there March 5, 1893, son of Robert and Elizabeth Glendinning, in early life decided to follow in his father's footsteps and devote his career to financial affairs.  To this end he entered the banking and brokerage office of Abraham Barker, one of the earliest and best known members of the Philadelphia Stock Exchange.  In 1864 he went into business on his own account and four years later established a branch in New York, from which time until 1879 the business was transacted under the firm name of Glendinning, Davis & Co., the New York partner being Mr. John H. Davis, whose daughter afterwards married Lord Terence Blackwood.  In 1879, this partnership was dissolved by mutual consent, and from that time forward the firm rapidly advanced to a position of great prominence, under the firm name of Robert Glendinning & Co.  Mr. Glendinning was conspicuous in numerous important financial enterprises.  He was especially active in promoting the passenger railway systems of the city, and much is due him for their development.  He was the first Philadelphia banker to establish (in 1870) private telegraphic communication with New York, and also was the first of Philadelphia brokers to secure a seat in the New York Stock Exchange, while he was likewise the first to commence the issue of daily financial letters from this city, as well as the first to adopt the private blackboard system for recording the daily stock fluctuations.  In 1870 Mr. Glendinning made a contract with the New York Stock and Indicator Company to place twenty-five of their machines in this city, and that was the nucleus of the present elaborate and extensive system. 
The Car, a periodical devoted to the interests of street railways, published in Philadelphia, had the following in April, 1893:
“Robert Glendinning was quite a student of the heterodoxical impulses that control the movements of finance, and being a close observer of events, he won early a reputation for alertness, sagacity and foresight.  His manner was diametrically opposed to the volatile characters usually seen on the ‘street’ and a quiet and unassuming disposition hid from the desultory observer the strong individuality and keen perception through which he won for the firm bearing his name, the extended and envied reputation it bore.  He admitted to his firm men whose Sagacity and integrity were judicious complements to his own, and thus caparisoned, the firm conducted many brilliant financial enterprises to successful issues, prosecuting all accounts with a sound and watchful conservatism, which Glendinning himself considered most necessary for the protection of his clients."
"Mr. Glendinning was in possession of more valuable information possibly than any other of his confreres, but when asked to discover it by some wily newsmonger,—knew less than the man knowing nothing.  The first identification of the firm with street railway securities was in 1885, in the financing of the Market and Columbia Avenue cable lines.  For the intelligent explanation of, at that time, as abstruse and almost incomprehensible a problem as cable rope traction, Mr. Glendinning had constructed a miniature cable-railway, which gave a tangible explanation of the ‘ropes and pulleys and grips’ and so on, which non-plussed the ‘street’ at that day.
“The firm were always large dealers in gas and street railway securities, and have been for many years trusted brokers for many wealthy corporations in this city as well as in New York and Chicago. The Philadelphia Traction syndicate, who have been the originators of the largest and most powerful city passenger railway companies in the world, have dealt through this firm, and the business conducted b them recalls to mind the financing of the Philadelphia Traction Company, the Baltimore Traction Company, the Pittsburgh Traction Company, the Metropolitan Traction Company, the West and North Side Street Railroads of Chicago, the volume of which dealings have been enormous.”
Robert Glendinning was for many years a member of the Union League of Philadelphia. He died at his residence, 2002 Spruce Street, where funeral services were held March 8, 1893, by Rev. Dr. J. N. Blachard, of St. James’ Protestant Episcopal Church, and he was buried in Woodland Cemetery. 

The Philadelphia Times, of March 9. 1893, said:
"It is not often that such an array of men, representing such diversified interests, meet as were present yesterday at the funeral of Robert Glendinning.  It illustrated the far reaching character of his friendships and the confidence he inspired, which led his friends to stick to him through thick and thin.  Yesterday closed the last sad scene in the adventurous and in some respects brilliant career of one of the most inimitable and agreeable men who ever belonged to the Philadelphia Stock Exchange."
Robert Edward Glendinning
ROBERT EDWARD GLENDINNING  (January 28, 1867-April 20, 1936) entered the University of Pennsylvania in 1884. He was the son of Robert Glendinning and Ellen Elizabeth Butcher.
Glendinning's stay at the University of Pennsylvania was a very short one. He attended the University for only his freshman year.
During his freshman year he was a member of the shooting team, cricket team, baseball team, tug-of-war team, Racket Club, and Canoe Club. He was the marshall of the University Republicans, chairman of the Constitution Committee, Chairman of the Baseball Committee, Chairman of the Freshman Committee and Chairman of the Baseball Committee. He won the standing broad jump during the spring sports competition. As an undergraduate, Glendinning also served as one of the models for Eadweard Muybridge's landmark study, Animal Locomotion. He lived in the Zeta Psi fraternity until he was dropped from the rolls owing to his absence during examinations.
After his short sojourn at University of Pennsylvania, Glendinning later became very successful as a banker and head of Robert Glendinning and Co. He was the first person from outside New York to hold the position of Governor of the New York Stock Exchange. He was also a member of the New York Curb Exchange, Philadelphia Stock Exchange, and Pittsburgh Stock Exchange.
An aviation enthusiast, he contributed substantially to American wartime aviation during the First World War. For his service as commander of the American air force in Italy, Glendinning was awarded the Italian Order of the Crown by the Italian King Victor Immanuel. He also served in the Spanish-American War. Before ending his military career as a colonel, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal by the United States government.
A resident of the Chestnut Hill section of Philadelphia, Glendinning was one of the founders of Chestnut Hill Hospital, Philadelphia School for the Deaf and the Philadelphia School of Aviation at Essington (later Chandler Field). He served served at various times as Treasurer of the Fairmount Park Commission, Director of the Philadelphia Zoological Society, and Finance Chairman of the Republican State Committee. His interesting and successful life was ended by pneumonia in 1936.
University of Pennsylvania Biographies:

ROBERT EDWARD GLENDINNING, son of Robert and Ellen E. (Butcher) Glendinning, was born in Philadelphia, August 10, 1867.  He entered the Towne Scientific School, University of Pennsylvania, with the class of '88, in 1884, and left during Freshman year; he was chairman of the class executive committee. He entered his father’s firm of Robert Glendinning & C0 and after his father's death, conducted the business under the same name. He is a member of the Rittenhouse and Markham Clubs of Philadelphia, the Union League, the Philadelphia Barge, the Philadelphia Gun, the Philadelphia Cricket, and the Huntingdon Valley clubs, and of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion; a director of the Western National Bank, and a member of the Philadelphia, New York and Chicago Stock Exchanges. He belonged to the First Troop Philadelphia city cavalry, and was second Sergeant in that body when it was in the United States service during the Spanish-American War.

Elizabeth R.F. Carpenter
He married, 1896, Elizabeth Rodman Fisher, daughter of George W. Carpenter, of “Wakefield,” Fisher’s Lane, Germantown.  Her mother Mary Rodman (Fisher) Carpenter, was born at “Wakefield,” August 20, 1838, and was the daughter of Thomas Rodman Fisher, by his wife Letitia Harvey Ellicott; granddaughter of William Logan and Mary (Rodman) Fisher, and great-granddaughter of Thomas Fisher, by his wife Sarah Logan, daughter of Dr. William and Hannah (Emlen) Logan, of “Stenton.”  “Wakefield,” the ancestral home of the Fisher family, was originally part of the Stenton estate and has therefore been the home of Mrs Glendinning’s ancestors for two centuries. “Wakefield" was established on the Stenton Estate in 1795 by Thomas Fisher, and since that time has been the home of Mrs. Glendinning's direct ancestors.  Fisher's Lane takes its name from the family so long resident on that thoroughfare.  Robert Glendinning and his wife lived for a time at his father’s former home, 2002 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, and later removed to Chestnut Hill, where their place is called “The Squirrels.”  Mrs. Glendinning is a member of the Colonial Dames.
University of Pennsylvania...


Robert and Elizabeth Glendinning
Robert and Elizabeth Rodman Fisher Carpenter's children:

  • Elizabeth Carpenter Glendinning (b. 1897/d.1898)
  • Mary Fisher Glendinning (b. 1897/d.1953)
  • Ellen Glendinning (b.1902/d.1976)
  • Robert Edward Glendinning, Jr. (b. 1903/d.1966)

Mary Fisher Glendinning
Ellen Glendinning
Robert Glendinning












More on Robert Edward Glendinning:  

Flying: Vol. 4: The Curtiss Marine Flying Trophy

High Frontier:A History of Aeronautics in Pennsylvania


Aviation History: 1799 Lazaretto Interpretive Museum


Philadelphia in the World War: 1914-1919


Kings Views of the New York Stock Exchange


New York Social Diary

Elizabeth Butcher Glendinning McMichael
with Clayton Fotterall McMichael, Jr.
ELIZABETH BUTCHER GLENDINNING

b. November 6, 1869, Pennsylvania 
d. April 25, 1899

Elizabeth Butcher Glendinning married Clayton Fotteral McMichael, of Philadelphia on April 19, 1894; he entered Towne Scientific School, University of Pennsylvania, class of '01, as a partial student in 1887, and left at the close of his Junior year.  He was member of a fraternity; one of the founders of the Mask and Wig Club, the University’s celebrated dramatic club; and joint author of “Ben Franklin Jr." and other plays produced by that organization.  He was also one of founders, editors and editor-in-chief of college periodical, Red and Blue.  After leaving college he became associate editor of Philadelphia North American, of which his father was owner.  At the time of his engagement to Miss Glendinning, Town Topics, the New York society paper said: "Mr. McMichael is son of Clayton McMichael, the publisher of the Philadelphia North American and is himself a clever young journalist, who makes a specialty of dramatic criticism and society gossip.  He is, too, a capital amateur actor and stage manager, and it is largely owing to his efforts that the Mask and Wig Club of the University of Pennsylvania has achieved its phenomenal success."




Clayton Fotterall McMichael and Elizabeth Butcher Glendinning had two children:
  • Elisabeth McMichael
  • Clayton F. McMichael, Jr. 
More on this family in a separate post...

Sunday, May 12, 2013

Edward and Eleanor

Edward I "Longshanks", King of England


Edward was born at the Palace of Westminster on the night of 17–18 June 1239, to King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence. 

Portrait in Westminster Abbey, thought to be of Edward I
 Edward I was a tall man for his era, hence the nickname "Longshanks". He was temperamental, and this, along with his height, made him an intimidating man, and he often instilled fear in his contemporaries. Nevertheless, he held the respect of his subjects for the way he embodied the medieval ideal of kingship, as a soldier, an administrator and a man of faith. Modern historians have been more divided on their assessment of the king; while some have praised him for his contribution to the law and administration, others have criticized him for his uncompromising attitude to his nobility. Currently, Edward I is credited with many accomplishments during his reign, including restoring royal authority after the reign of Henry III, establishing Parliament as a permanent institution and thereby also a functional system for raising taxes, and reforming the law through statutes. At the same time, he is also often criticised for other actions, such as his brutal conduct towards the Scots, and issuing the Edict of Expulsion in 1290, by which the Jews were expelled from England. The Edict remained in effect for the rest of the Middle Ages, and it would be over 350 years until it was formally overturned under Oliver Cromwell in 1656.

In 1254, English fears of a Castilian invasion of the English province of Gascony induced Edward's father to arrange a politically expedient marriage between his fourteen-year-old son and Eleanor, the half-sister of King Alfonso X of Castile.  Eleanor and Edward were married on 1 November 1254 in the Abbey of Santa MarĂ­a la Real de Las Huelgas in Castile.   

Eleanor of Castile, Queen Consort of England

Arms as Queen consort
Eleanor was born in Castile, Spain, daughter of Ferdinand III of Castile and Joan, Countess of Ponthieu. Her Castilian name, Leonor, became Alienor or Alianor in England, and Eleanor in modern English. She was named after her great-grandmother, Eleanor of England.  Eleanor was the second of five children born to Ferdinand and Joan.  For the ceremonies in 1291 marking the first anniversary of Eleanor's death, 49 candlebearers were paid to walk in the public procession to commemorate each year of her life. This would date her birth to the year 1241. Since her parents were apart from each other for 13 months while King Ferdinand conducted a military campaign in Andalusia from which he returned to the north of Spain only in February 1241, Eleanor was probably born toward the end of that year. Both the court of her father and her half-brother Alfonso X of Castile were known for its literary atmosphere. Growing up in such an environment probably influenced her later literary activities as queen.

Marriage 

Arranged royal marriages in the Middle Ages were not always happy, but available evidence indicates that Eleanor and Edward were devoted to each other. Edward is among the few medieval English kings not known to have conducted extramarital affairs or fathered children out of wedlock. The couple were rarely apart; she accompanied him on military campaigns in Wales, famously giving birth to their son Edward on 25 April 1284 in a temporary dwelling erected for her amid the construction of Caernarfon Castle.

Their household records witness incidents that imply a comfortable, even humorous, relationship. Each year on Easter Monday, Edward let Eleanor's ladies trap him in his bed and paid them a token ransom so he could go to her bedroom on the first day after Lent; so important was this custom to him that in 1291, on the first Easter Monday after Eleanor's death, he gave her ladies the money he would have given them had she been alive. Edward disliked ceremonies and in 1290 refused to attend the marriage of Earl Marshal Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk; Eleanor thoughtfully (or resignedly) paid minstrels to play for him while he sat alone during the wedding.

Eleanor's Death 

Eleanor was presumably a healthy woman for most of her life; that she survived sixteen pregnancies does not suggest that she was frail. Shortly after the birth of her last child, however, financial accounts from Edward's household and her own begin to record frequent payments for medicines to the queen's use. The nature of the medicines is not specified, so it is impossible to know what ailments were troubling her until, later in 1287 while she was in Gascony with Edward, a letter to England from a member of the royal entourage states that the queen had a double quartan fever, probably a strain of malaria. The disease is not fatal of itself, but leaves its victims weak and vulnerable to opportunistic infections. Among other complications, the liver and spleen become enlarged, brittle, and highly susceptible to injury which may cause death from internal bleeding.

In the autumn of 1290, news reached Edward that Margaret, the Maid of Norway, heiress of Scotland, had died. He had just held a parliament at Clipstone in Nottinghamshire, and continued to linger in those parts, presumably to await news of further developments in Scotland. Eleanor followed him at a leisurely pace as she was unwell with a feverish illness, probably the quartan reported in 1287. After the couple left Clipstone they travelled slowly toward the city of Lincoln, a destination Eleanor would never reach.

Her condition worsened as they reached the village of Harby, Nottinghamshire, less than 22 miles (35 km) from Lincoln. The journey was abandoned, and the queen was lodged in the house of Richard de Weston, the foundations of which can still be seen near Harby's parish church. After piously receiving the Church's last rites, she died there on the evening of the 28 November 1290, aged 49 and after 36 years of marriage. Edward was at her bedside to hear her final requests. For three days afterward, the machinery of government came to a halt and no writs were sealed.

The Northampton Cross
Edward followed her body to burial in Westminster Abbey, and erected memorial crosses at the site of each overnight stop between Lincoln and Westminster. Based on crosses in France marking Louis IX's funeral procession, these artistically significant monuments enhanced the image of Edward's kingship as well as witnessing his grief.The "Eleanor crosses" stood at Lincoln, Grantham, Stamford, Geddington,Northampton, Stony Stratford, Woburn, Dunstable, St Albans, Waltham, Westcheap, and Charing - only 3 survive, none in entirety. The best preserved is that at Geddington. All 3 have lost the crosses "of immense height" that originally surmounted them; only the lower stages remain. The Waltham cross has been heavily restored and to prevent further deterioration, its original statues of the queen are now in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. The Waltham and Northampton crosses have been moved to locations different from their original sites.

The monument now known as "Charing Cross" in London, in front of the railway station of that name, was built in 1865 to publicise the railway hotel at Charing station. The original Charing cross was at the top of Whitehall, on the south side of Trafalgar Square, but was destroyed in 1647 and later replaced by a statue of Charles I.


The tomb of her viscera at Lincoln Cathedral
In the thirteenth century, embalming involved evisceration. Eleanor's viscera were buried in Lincoln Cathedral, where Edward placed a duplicate of the Westminster tomb. The Lincoln tomb's original stone chest survives; its effigy was destroyed in the 17th century and replaced with a 19th-century copy. On the outside of Lincoln Cathedral are two statues often identified as Edward and Eleanor, but these images were heavily restored and given new heads in the 19th century; probably they were not originally intended to depict the couple.

The queen's heart was taken with the body to London and was buried in the Dominican priory at Blackfriars in London. The accounts of her executors show that the monument constructed there to commemorate her heart burial was richly elaborate, including wall paintings as well as an angelic statue in metal that apparently stood under a carved stone canopy. It was destroyed in the 16th century during the Dissolution of the Monasteries.

Eleanor's funeral took place in Westminster Abbey on 17 December 1290. Her body was placed in a grave near the high altar that had originally contained the coffin of Edward the Confessor and, more recently, that of King Henry III until his remains were removed to his new tomb in 1290. Eleanor's body remained in this grave until the completion of her own tomb. She had probably ordered that tomb before her death. It consists of a marble chest with carved mouldings and shields (originally painted) of the arms of England, Castile, and Ponthieu. The chest is surmounted by William Torel's superb gilt-bronze effigy, showing Eleanor in the same pose as the image on her great seal.

When Edward remarried a decade after her death, he and his second wife Margaret of France, named their only daughter Eleanor in honour of her.

Edward I
Eleanor of Castile
That Edward remained single until he wed Marguerite of France in 1299 is often cited to prove he cherished Eleanor's memory. In fact he considered a second marriage as early as 1293, but this does not mean he did not mourn Eleanor. Eloquent testimony is found in his letter to the abbot of Cluny in France (January 1291), seeking prayers for the soul of the wife "whom living we dearly cherished, and whom dead we cannot cease to love." In her memory, Edward ordered the construction of the twelve elaborate stone crosses  between 1291 and 1294, marking the route of her funeral procession between Lincoln and London. 

However, only one of Eleanor's four sons survived childhood and, even before she died, Edward worried over the succession: if that son died, their daughters' husbands might cause a succession war. Despite personal grief, Edward faced his duty and married again. He delighted in the sons his new wife bore, but attended memorial services for Eleanor to the end of his life, Marguerite at his side on at least one occasion.

Uncommon for such marriages of the period, the couple loved each other. Moreover like his father, Edward was very devoted to his wife and was faithful to her throughout their married lives—a rarity among monarchs of the time.

How are the Clarks related?

Stuart Benson Clark> Anne Garnett Emory> Theodosia Blakey Garnett> Reuben B. Garnett> Richard Garnett> Elizabeth Ann Rogers> Joseph Rogers> Peter Rogers> Giles Rogers> John Rogers> Thomas Rogers> Thomas Matthew Rogers> Bernard Fitz Rogers> John Rogers> Thomas John Rogers> Catherine de Courtenay> Philip de Courtenay> John de Courtenay> Philip de Courtenay> Margaret Plantagenet de Bohun> Elizabeth Plantagenet > Edward I Plantagenet, King of England