Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk

Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk 

(1443 – 21 May 1524)

Styled Earl of Surrey from 1483 to 1485 and again from 1489 to 1514, was the only son of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, by his first wife, Katherine Moleyns. 

The Duke was the grandfather of both Queen Anne Boleyn and Queen Catherine Howard and the great grandfather of Queen Elizabeth I. He served four monarchs as a soldier and statesman.

     

1) Queen Anne Boleyn (2nd wife of Henry VIII)
2) Queen Catherine Howard (5th wife of Henry VIII)
3) Queen Elizabeth I (daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII)
4) Mary Boleyn (sister of Anne and mistress of Henry VIII, debatable mother of two children by him)

Early life

Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, was born in 1443 at Stoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk, the only surviving son of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, by his first wife, Katherine, the daughter of William Moleyns (d. 8 June 1425) and his wife Margery. He was educated at Thetford Grammar School.

Service under Edward IV

King Edward IV

While a youth he entered the service of King Edward IV as a henchman. Howard took the King's side when war broke out in 1469 with the Earl of Warwick, and took sanctuary at Colchester when the King fled to Holland in 1470. Howard rejoined the royal forces at Edward's return to England in 1471, and was severely wounded at the Battle of Barnet on 14 April 1471.[2] He was appointed an esquire of the body in 1473. On 14 January 1478 he was knighted by Edward IV at the marriage of the King's second son, the young Duke of York, and Lady Anne Mowbray (d.1483).

Service under Richard III

King Richard III

After the death of Edward IV on 9 April 1483, Thomas Howard and his father John supported Richard III's usurpation of the throne. Thomas bore the Sword of State at Richard's coronation, and served as steward at the coronation banquet. Both Thomas and his father were granted lands by the new King, and Thomas was also granted an annuity of £1000. On 28 June 1483, John Howard was created Duke of Norfolk, while Thomas was created Earl of Surrey. Surrey was also sworn of the Privy Council and invested with the Order of the Garter. In the autumn of that year Norfolk and Surrey suppressed a rebellion against the King by the Duke of Buckingham. Both Howards remained close to King Richard throughout his two-year reign, and fought for him at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, where Surrey was wounded and taken prisoner, and his father killed. Surrey was attainted in the first Parliament of the new King, Henry VII, stripped of his lands, and committed to the Tower of London, where he spent the next three years.

A painting by Mather Brown depicting Norfolk 
defending his allegiance to Richard III before 
Henry VII after the Battle of Bosworth Field

Service under Henry VII

King Henry VII

Howard was offered an opportunity to escape during the rebellion of the Earl of Lincoln in 1487, but refused, perhaps thereby convincing Henry VII of his loyalty. In May 1489 Henry restored him to the earldom of Surrey, although most of his lands were withheld, and sent him to quell a rebellion in Yorkshire. Surrey remained in the north as the King's lieutenant until 1499. In 1499 he was recalled to court, and accompanied the King on a state visit to France in the following year. In 1501 he was again appointed a member of the Council, and on 16 June of that year was made Lord High Treasurer. Surrey, Bishop Richard Foxe, the Lord Privy Seal, and Archbishop William Warham, the Lord Chancellor, became the King's 'executive triumvirate'. He was entrusted with a number of diplomatic missions. In 1501 he was involved in the negotiations for Catherine of Aragon's marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales, and in 1503 conducted Margaret Tudor to Scotland for her wedding to King James IV.

    

1) Arthur, Prince of Wales
2) Katherine of Aragon (also 1st wife of Henry VIII)
3) Margaret Tudor
4) King James IV

Service under Henry VIII

King Henry VIII

Cardinal Thomas Wolsey

Surrey was an executor of the will of King Henry VII when the King died on 21 April 1509, and played a prominent role in the coronation of King Henry VIII, in which he served as Earl Marshal. He challenged Thomas Wolsey in an effort to become the new King's first minister, but eventually accepted Wolsey's supremacy. Surrey expected to lead the 1513 expedition to France, but was left behind when the King departed for Calais on 30 June 1513. Shortly thereafter James IV launched an invasion, and Surrey, with the aid of other noblemen and his sons Thomas and Edmund, crushed James's much larger force near Branxton, Northumberland, on 9 September 1513 at the Battle of Flodden. The Scots may have lost as many as 10,000 men, and King James was killed. The victory at Flodden brought Surrey great popular renown and royal rewards. On 1 February 1514 he was created Duke of Norfolk, and his son Thomas was made Earl of Surrey. Both were granted lands and annuities, and the Howard arms were augmented in honor of Flodden with an escutcheon bearing the lion of Scotland pierced through the mouth with an arrow.

Norfolk's Coat of Arms
with augmentation

Final Years

Mary Tudor

In the final decade of his life, Norfolk continued his career as a courtier, diplomat and soldier. In 1514 he joined Wolsey and Foxe in negotiating the marriage of Mary Tudor to King Louis XII of France, and escorted her to France for the wedding. On 1 May 1517 he led a private army of 1300 retainers into London to suppress the Evil May Day riots. In May 1521 he presided as Lord High Steward over the trial of Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham. According to Head, 'he pronounced the sentence of death with tears streaming down his face'.

King Louis the XII of France

By the spring of 1522, Norfolk was almost 80 years of age and in failing health. He withdrew from court, resigned as Lord Treasurer in favor of his son in December of that year, and after attending the opening of Parliament in April 1523, retired to his ducal castle at Framlingham in Suffolk where he died on 21 May 1524. His funeral and burial on 22 June at Thetford Priory were said to have been 'spectacular and enormously expensive, costing over £1300 and including a procession of 400 hooded men bearing torches and an elaborate bier surmounted with 100 wax effigies and 700 candles', befitting the richest and most powerful peer in England. After the dissolution of Thetford Priory, the Howard tombs were moved to the Church of St Michael the Archangel, Framlingham. A now-lost monumental brass depicting the 2nd Duke was formerly in the Church of St. Mary at Lambeth.

Marriages and issue

Elizabeth Tilney

On 30 April 1472 Howard married Elizabeth Tilney, the daughter of Sir Frederick Tilney of Ashwellthorpe, Norfolk, and widow of Sir Humphrey Bourchier, slain at Barnet, son and heir apparent of Sir John Bourchier, 1st Baron Berners. They had issue:

Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk
Sir Edward Howard
Lord Edmund Howard*, father of Henry VIII's fifth Queen, Catherine Howard
Sir John Howard
Henry Howard
Charles Howard
Henry Howard (the younger)
Richard Howard
Elizabeth Howard, married Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, and was mother of Queen Anne Boleyn, and grandmother of Queen Elizabeth.
Muriel Howard (d.1512), married firstly John Grey, Viscount Lisle (d.1504), and secondly Sir Thomas Knyvet

Norfolk's first wife died on 4 April 1497, and on 8 November 1497 he married, by dispensation dated 17 August 1497, her cousin, Agnes Tilney, the daughter of Hugh Tilney of Skirbeck and Boston, Lincolnshire and Eleanor, a daughter of Walter Tailboys. 

Pop culture

Watch your ancestors in all their scheming glory, from pretty accurate, to entertaining, to pure, unadulterated crap...but may also be entertaining:

• Wolf Hall (BBC Mini Series and Royal Shakespeare Company Play)
• The Six Wives of Henry VIII (BBC TV Series/PBS Masterpiece Theater)
• The White Queen (BBC series based on an historical novel/Starz)
• Anne of the Thousand Days (Film 1969, Oscar winning)
• Elizabeth (Film, 1998, Oscar nominated)
• The Other Boleyn Girl (Films, 2003, 2008, based on an historical novel of the same name)
• The Tudors (TV series, Showtime)
• Reign (TV Series, The CW) (This is the pure crap I was referring to)

John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk
SBC's 13x Great Grandfather

How are the Clarks related?

Stuart Benson Clark =>Robert Stuart Clark=>Sarah Jane Gaither=>Stewart Gaither=>Henry Gaither=>Sarah Howard=>Joseph Howard=>Cornelius Howard=>Matthew Howard=>Thomas Arundell-Howard=>Matthew Arundell-Howard=>Margaret Howard=>Lord Edmund Howard*=>Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk  (12x Great Grandfather of SBC)